The study focuses on the identification of railway track damage using vibration signal characteristics. It presents the identification of vibration signals generated by the bogie system during passage over selected track sections in two different technical conditions. A literature review on rail infrastructure and its maintenance is provided, along with a description of modern diagnostic systems employed by companies responsible for track maintenance. The research involved analyzing vibration signals in both the time and frequency domains. Based on the obtained results, the feasibility of detecting damage using vibration signals recorded from a vehicle was confirmed, allowing for the assessment of the impact of infrastructure damage on passenger comfort.